Cedarburg Hauser Pharmaceuticals

Xiong Fu, Ph.D.

Senior Chemist

  

As a Senior Chemist at Cedarburg Hauser Pharmaceuticals, Dr. Fu uses his expertise to isolate bioactive natural products and active pharmaceutical ingredients from the bench to pilot scales while designing and optimizing manufacturing processes for isolating APIs under non-GMP and cGMP guidelines.

Dr. Fu has a great deal of knowledge and experimental skills in isolation and purification of biologically active component from complex crude extracts of terrestrial plants, marine organisms, micro-organisms and reaction mixtures using a variety of separation techniques such as solvent partitioning; solid phase extraction; gravity and vacuum liquid adsorption and reversed phase chromatography; gel permeation or filtration and size exclusion chromatography; hydrophobic interaction, ion-paired, and ion exchange chromatography to isolate polar molecules such as nucleosides, nucleotides, and proteins. He is experienced in HPLC method development from analytical to semi-prep to prep scale. In addition he has employed the modern spectroscopic techniques to identify and determine structures of many natural products.

Past Experience  |  Education  |  Publications  |  Patents

Past Experience

  
Hauser CRO and  InB: Hauser Pharmaceuticals 
Senior Chemist
  
Types of Projects:
  • Semi-syntheses and bulk purifications of APIs (the derivatives of paclitaxel, vinblastine, mitomycin, and cholesterol) for clinical trial studies
  • Process development and optimization for manufacturing of a commercial drug (a nucleotide)
  • Method development and pilot scale isolation of natural product APIs (saponins, polyphenols, polypeptide, and protein) from various natural sources
  • Isolation and characterization of API impurity
 
Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Oklahoma 
Research Associate
 
Types of Projects:
  • Research focused on the discovery of potential new drugs isolated from marine animals.
  • Isolated more than 150 compounds, among them 86 are new natural products.
  • Many of the isolated compounds are of biological interest ( cytotoxic, anti-tumor, anti-microbial, and enzyme-inhibitory activities).
  • Determined the structures of all the 86 novel compounds using spectroscopic and chemical methods.
 
UroCor, Inc.
Consultant
 
Types of Projects:
  • Contributed to the structure determination of drug metabolites in urinary calculi (kidney stones) by spectroscopic methods including a variety of NMR experiments, MS, and IR.
 
Department of Chemistry, Zhongshan University, P.R. China
Assistant Professor
 
Types of Projects:
  • Principal investigator of a start-up project awarded by Natural Science Foundation of China on "The search for biologically active compounds from marine organisms collected from the South China Sea".
 
Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, Center National de la Recherche Scientifique, France
Visiting Scholar
 
Types of Projects:
  • Isolation of natural products by chromatography (HPLC, etc.) from plants and determined their structures by spectroscopic methods.

 


Education

  
Zhongshan University, P. R. China
Ph.D., Chemistry, 1992
  
Scientific Advisor: Professor Longmei Zeng
  
Description of important work:
  • Discovery of novel bioactive compounds from plants and marine organisms.
  
Zhongshan University, P. R. China
B.S. Chemistry, 1986

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Publications

 

Summary List of Publications

* You will find the abstracts from Dr. Fu's publications below along with a link to the complete text on the site which owns the copyright for the article.  You may be required to have a membership for the site you are linked to in order to see the complete text.

Cytotoxic Lissoclimide-Type Diterpenes from the Molluscs Pleurobranchus albiguttatus and Pleurobranchus forskalii. View Abstract
Structures and Cytotoxicities of Fascaplysin and Related Alkaloids from Two Marine Phyla-Fascaplysinopsis Sponges and Didemnum Tunicates. View Abstract
New Polypropionate Pyrones from the Philippine Sacoglossan Mollusc Placobranchus ocellatus. View Abstract
Tamosterone Sulfates: A C-14 Epimeric Pair of Polyhydroxylated Sterols from a New Genus of Sponge. View Abstract
Abuse of guaifenesin-containing medications generates an excess of a carboxylate salt of beta-(2-methoxyphenoxy)-lactic acid, a guaifenesin metabolite, and results in urolithiasis. View Abstract
Clavosines A-C from the Marine Sponge Myriastra clavosa: Potent Cytotoxins and Inhibitors of  Protein Phosphatases 1 and 2A. View Abstract
New Cyclic Peptides from the Ascidian Lissoclinum patella. View Abstract
New acetylenic metabolites from a Pellina triangulata. View Abstract
Longithorones, unique prenylated para- and metacyclophane type quinones from the tunicate Aplidium longithorax. View Abstract
Makaluvic acids A and B, novel alkaloids from the marine sponge Zyzzya fuliginosus. View Abstract
Chemical constituents of Halophilic anaerobic bacteria 1. View Abstract
Enzyme inhibitors: new and known polybrominated phenols and diphenyl ethers from five Indo-Pacific Dysidea sponges. View Abstract
Longithorone A: unprecedented dimeric prenylated quinone from the tunicate Aplidium longithorax. View Abstract
Inhibitors of protein tyrosine kinase pp 60v-src: sterol sulfates from the brittle star Ophiarachna incrassata. View Abstract
Kurzilactone from Cryptocarya kurzii. View Abstract
Flavanone and Chalcone derivatives from Cryptocarya kurzii. View Abstract
Scalarane-type bishomosesterterpenes from the sponge Phyllospongia foliascens. View Abstract
Novel bishomoscalarane sesterterpenes from the sponge Phyllospongia foliascens (Pallas). View Abstract

 

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Cytotoxic Lissoclimide-Type Diterpenes from the Molluscs Pleurobranchus albiguttatus and Pleurobranchus forskalii.
Journal of Natual Products (August 27, 2004)
  
Abstract:
Three new chlorinated diterpenes, 6-8, along with five known ones, 1-5, were isolated from the molluscs Pleurobranchus albiguttatus and P. forskalii collected in the Philippines. These diterpenes are presumably metabolites of a Lissoclinum  species of ascidian on which the molluscs have fed. The structures of the new compounds were determined by interpretation of their spectral data. Compounds 1 and 2 were found to be potent cytotoxins in the National Cancer Institute's screening panel of 60 tumor cell lines and showed some selectivity for melanomas. Two other samples exhibited solid tumor selectivity in a soft agar disk diffusion assay.
  
Detailed Listing:
"Cytotoxic Lissoclimide-Type Diterpenes from the Molluscs Pleurobranchus albiguttatus and Pleurobranchus forskalii." Xiong Fu, Alana J. Palomar, Eugene P. Hong, Francis J. Schmitz, and Frederick A. Valeriote. J. Nat. Prod., 2004, 67 (8), pp 1415–1418.
  
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Structures and Cytotoxicities of Fascaplysin and Related Alkaloids from Two Marine Phyla-Fascaplysinopsis Sponges and Didemnum Tunicates.
Tetrahedron Letters (April, 2003)
  
Abstract:
The structural variations and bioactivity properties of the alkaloids in the fascaplysin (1) and the reticulatine (3) families were examined. Four organisms were analyzed consisting of two collections of the sponge Fascaplysinopsis reticulata and two collections of the tunicate Didemnum sp. Reported are the isolation of three new compounds: 3-bromofascaplysin (2), 14-bromoreticulatine (4), and 14-bromoreticulatate (6) along with reticulatate (5) previously known as a semi-synthetic product of 1. Compounds 1 and 5 showed selectivity in a cell based cytotoxicity assay.
  
Detailed Listing:
"Structures and Cytotoxicities of Fascaplysin and Related Alkaloids from Two Marine Phyla-Fascaplysinopsis Sponges and Didemnum Tunicates."  Nathaniel L Segravesa, Suzette Lopeza, Tyler A Johnsona, Sadri A Saidb, Xiong Fub, Francis J Schmitzb, Halina Pietraszkiewiczc, Frederick A Valeriotec and Phillip Crews.  Tetrahedron Letters, Volume 44, Issue 17, 21 April 2003, Pages 3471-3475.
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New Polypropionate Pyrones from the Philippine Sacoglossan Mollusc Placobranchus ocellatus.
Tetrahedron (November, 2000)
  
Abstract:
Six new propionate-derived metabolites, 4–9, have been isolated along with the known 9,10-deoxytridachione (1) from the sacoglossan mollusc Placobranchus ocellatus collected in the Philippines. The structures of the new compounds were determined by spectrometric methods.
  
Detailed Listing:
"New Polypropionate Pyrones from the Philippine Sacoglossan Mollusc Placobranchus ocellatus."  Xiong Fu, Eugene P. Hong and Francis J. Schmitz.  Tetrahedron, Volume 56, Issue 46, 10 November 2000, Pages 8989-8993.
  
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Tamosterone Sulfates: A C-14 Epimeric Pair of Polyhydroxylated Sterols from a New Genus of Sponge.
Journal of Organic Chemistry (September 3, 1999)
  
Abstract:
Two novel, C-14 epimeric polyhydroxylated 15-keto steroid sulfates, tamosterone sulfate and 14ß-tamosterone sulfate (1 and 2), were isolated from a sponge belonging to a new genus collected in Yap, Federated States of Micronesia. Their structures were assigned by analysis of spectroscopic data and chemical conversions. 14ß-Tamosterone sulfate (2) has the rare naturally occurring C/D cis ring fusion and is the less stable epimer based on equilibration studies. Both compounds possess side-chain substitution patterns not observed previously in marine sterols.
  
Detailed Listing:
"Tamosterone Sulfates: A C-14 Epimeric Pair of Polyhydroxylated Sterols from a New Genus of Sponge." Xiong Fu, Maria L. G. Ferreira, Francis J. Schmitz, and Michelle Kelly.  J. Org. Chem., 1999, 64 (18), pp 6706–6709.
  
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Abuse of guaifenesin-containing medications generates an excess of a carboxylate salt of beta-(2-methoxyphenoxy)-lactic acid, a guaifenesin metabolite, and results in urolithiasis.
Urology (July, 1999)
 
  
Abstract:

OBJECTIVES: Several urinary calculi were submitted to our institution for compositional analysis. The typical techniques of analysis, polarized light microscopy, electron microprobe analysis, and infrared spectroscopy proved inadequate for a definitive identification. As a result, a more detailed organic analysis was conducted to determine the exact chemical structure of the material.

METHODS: Infrared spectroscopy and mass spectrometric analysis were carried out on the solid material, providing information concerning the functional groups and the molecular mass of the organic constituent and its components. The stone was solubilized in deuterated solvents and analyzed by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, which resulted in a definitive chemical structure.

RESULTS: The spectroscopic analysis indicated that the stones were composed of a calcium salt of beta-(2-methoxyphenoxy)-lactic acid, a metabolite of the pharmaceutical guaifenesin, which is used as an expectorant.

CONCLUSIONS: Guaifenesin, an expectorant common in over-the-counter cold and allergy remedies, can cause urolithiasis if taken in excess. Discussions with physicians and their patients confirmed that most patients admitted to taking large doses of guaifenesin-containing medications.

  
Detailed Listing:
"Abuse of guaifenesin-containing medications generates an excess of a carboxylate salt of beta-(2-methoxyphenoxy)-lactic acid, a guaifenesin metabolite, and results in urolithiasis." Pickens CL, Milliron AR, Fussner AL, Dversdall BC, Langenstroer P, Ferguson S, Fu X, Schmitz FJ, Poole EC.  Urology, 1999 Jul;54(1):23-7.
  
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Clavosines A-C from the Marine Sponge Myriastra clavosa: Potent Cytotoxins and Inhibitors of  Protein Phosphatases 1 and 2A.
Journal of Organic Chemistry (October, 1998)
 
  
Abstract:
Clavosines A (1) and B (2), novel metabolites closely related to calyculins and calyculinamides, have been isolated from the marine sponge Myriastra clavosa. Clavosine C (3) was also isolated and is assumed to be an artifact from clavosine B (2). Structures of these compounds were determined by spectroscopic analysis and by comparison of their NMR data with those of the calyculins and calyculinamides. Clavosines A and B were found to be very potent cytotoxins in the National Cancer Institute's screening panel of 60 tumor cell lines and were potent inhibitors of the type 1 and 2A serine/threonine protein phosphatases.
  
Detailed Listing:
"Clavosines A-C from the Marine Sponge Myriastra clavosa: Potent Cytotoxins and Inhibitors of  Protein Phosphatases 1 and 2A."  Xiong Fu, Francis J. Schmitz, Michelle Kelly-Borges, Tara L. McCready, and Charles F. B. Holmes. J. Org. Chem., 1998, 63 (22), pp 7957–7963.
  
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New Cyclic Peptides from the Ascidian Lissoclinum patella.
Journal of Natual Products (December 28, 1998)
 
  
Abstract:
Four new cyclic peptides, patellamide G (2) and ulithiacyclamides E-G (3-5), along with the known patellamides A-C (6-8) and ulithiacyclamide B (9), were isolated from the ascidian Lissoclinum patella collected in Pohnpei, Federated States of Micronesia. The planar structures of these peptides were determined from 1D and 2D 1H and 13C NMR spectra. The absolute stereochemistries of the amino acid units, except for cysteine, were assigned by chiral GC analysis of N(O)-trifluoroacetyl isopropyl ester derivatives of amino acids obtained by acid hydrolysis of the intact and ozonized peptides. The structures of ulithiacyclamides E-G (3-5) were confirmed by chemical conversion. Patellamides B (7) and C (8) exhibited in vitro modulation of multidrug resistance in CEM/VBL100 cells.
  
Detailed Listing:
"New Cyclic Peptides from the Ascidian Lissoclinum patella."  Xiong Fu, Trang Do, Francis J. Schmitz, Vladimir Andrusevich, and Michael H. Engel.  J. Nat. Prod., 1998, 61 (12), pp 1547–1551.
  
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New acetylenic metabolites from a Pellina triangulata.
Tetrahedron (January, 1997)
  
Abstract:
Six new acetylenic compounds, 1, 7–11, were isolated from the marin sponge Pellina triangulata. Structures were established using NMR spectroscopy and chemical degradation. Collisional activation decomposition (CAD) tandem mass spectrometry of the lithium adducts of the acetylenic compounds was applied to ascertain if charge-remote fragmentation would yield definitive information regarding the site of internal unsaturation in these polyfunctional compounds. Pellynic acid (1) inhibited inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase (LMPDH) in vitro.  Six new acetylenic compounds, 1, 7–11, were isolated from the marine sponge Pellina triangulata. Structures were established using NMR spectroscopy, chemical degradation, and collisional activation decomposition (CAD) tandem mass spectrometry. Pellynic acid (1) inhibited IMPDH.
  
Detailed Listing:
"New acetylenic metabolites from a Pellina triangulata."  Xiong Fua, Syed A. Abbasa, Francis J. Schmitz*a, Ilan Vidavskyb, Michael L. Grossb, Maureen Laneyc, Randall C. Schatzmanc and Ronnel D. Cabuslay. Tetrahedron, Volume 53, Issue 3, 20 January 1997, Pages 799-814.
  
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Longithorones, unique prenylated para- and metacyclophane type quinones from the tunicate Aplidium longithorax.
Journal of Organic Chemistry (1997)
 
  
Abstract:
A group of nine farnesylated quinones (1-9) featuring new macrocyclic skeletons formed by farnesyl units bridging the quinones in the meta or para positions have been isolated from a tunicate, Aplidium longithorax. Three of these are monomeric C21 compounds, while the remainder are dimeric C42  products. These meta- and paracyclophane type compounds all show atropisomerism and their biogenesis appears to involve 4 + 2 cycloadditions. Structures were determined by X-ray and spectroscopic analysis.
  
Detailed Listing:
"Longithorones, unique prenylated para- and metacyclophane type quinones from the tunicate Aplidium longithorax."  Xiong Fu, M. Bilayet Hossain, Francis J. Schmitz,* and Dick van der Helm.  J. Org. Chem., 1997, 62 (12), pp 3810–3819.
 
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Makaluvic acids A and B, novel alkaloids from the marine sponge Zyzzya fuliginosus.
Journal of Natual Products (November 22, 1996)
  
Abstract:
Two new substituted pyrrolecarboxylic acids, makaluvic acids A (5) and B (6), were isolated from the sponge Zyzzya fuliginosus, which was collected in Chuuk Atoll, Federated States of Micronesia. The known alkaloids 3,7-dimethylisoguanine (1) and makaluvamines A (2), E (3), and K (4) were also isolated.
  
Detailed Listing:
"Makaluvic acids A and B, novel alkaloids from the marine sponge Zyzzya fuliginosus."  Xiong Fu, Pei-Ling Ng, Francis J. Schmitz, M. Bilayet Hossain, Dick van der Helm, and Michelle Kelly-Borges. J. Nat. Prod., 1996, 59 (11), pp 1104–1106.
  
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Chemical constituents of Halophilic anaerobic bacteria 1.
Journal of Natual Products (December, 1995)
  
Abstract:

Two new nitrotyramine derivatives, 1 and 2, along with five known aromatic compounds, were isolated from the culture broth of a facultatively anaerobic, halophilic bacterium isolated from a sediment from the Great Salt Plains, Alfalfa County, Oklahoma.  The structures of the new compounds were determined from spectral data and were confirmed by synthesis from tyramine hydrochloride.  Compound 1 showed cytotoxicity against the murine leukemia P-388 cell line (IC50 3 mu-g/ml).

  
Detailed Listing:
"Chemical constituents of Halophilic anaerobic bacteria 1."  Xiong Fu, Francis J. Schmitz, Ralph S. Tanner.  J. Nat. Prod., 1995, 58 (12), pp 1950–1954.
  
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Enzyme inhibitors: new and known polybrominated phenols and diphenyl ethers from five Indo-Pacific Dysidea sponges.
Journal of Natual Products (September, 1995)
  
Abstract:
Extracts and pure compounds isolated from four samples of Dysidea sp. Sponges collected from two geographically distinct regions of the Indo-Pacific (Chunk Atoll and Fiji) were assayed against five different enzyme assays, four of which are relevant to anticancer drug discovery and one of which (15-lipoxygenase) may detect compounds significant in modulating the development of atherosclerotic plaque.  The pure compounds that inhibited various enzymes were polybrominated phenols and polybrominated phenoxyphenols.  Fourteen of these phenols were isolated, six of which were new compounds.  A variety of the phenols inhibited inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase (IMPDH), guanosine monophosphate synthetase, and 15-lipoxygenase.  No activity was observed with protein tyrosine kinase pp60v-src or matrix metalloprotease.
  
Detailed Listing:
"Enzyme inhibitors: new and known polybrominated phenols and diphenyl ethers from five Indo-Pacific Dysidea sponges."  Xiong Fu, Francis J. Schmitz, Meledath Govindan, Sayed A. Abbas, Kerry M. Hanson, Paul A. Horton, Phil Crews, Maureen Laney, Randall C. Schatzman.  J. Nat. Prod., 1995, 58 (9), pp 1384–1391.
  
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Longithorone A: unprecedented dimeric prenylated quinone from the tunicate Aplidium longithorax.
Journal of the American Chemical Society (December, 1994)
  
Abstract:
Tunicates have attracted considerable attention as potential sources of anticancer drug leads due to the variety of novel and cytotoxic nitrogenous compounds which they have yielded.  To date, the most notable metabolites in this regard are didemnin B3 and the ecteinascidins.  Only a small number of non-nitrogenous metabolites have been reported from tunicates, and among these are approximately 10 structurally simple prenylated quinines and hydroquinones.  In the course of our continuing search for antitumor agents from marine sources, we have isolated an unprecedented type of prenylated benzoquinone, designated longithorone A, in which a farnesyl unit forms a macrocycle by bridging the 2,5-positions of benzoquinone, and two such units are combined to form a new carbocyclic skeleton containing 6-, 10-, and 16-membered rings.  Longithorone A is weakly cytotoxic to P388 murine leukemia cells.
  
Detailed Listing:
"Longithorone A: unprecedented dimeric prenylated quinone from the tunicate Aplidium longithorax."  Xiong Fu, M. Bilayet Hossain, Dick van der Helm, Francis J. Schmitz.  J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1994, 116 (26), pp 12125–12126.
  
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Inhibitors of protein tyrosine kinase pp 60v-src: sterol sulfates from the brittle star Ophiarachna incrassata.
Journal of Natural Products (November, 1994)
  
Abstract:
Bioactivity-guided fractionation of the extracts of the green brittle star Ophiarachna incrassate using a protein tyrosine kinase pp 60v-src inhibition assay led to the isolation of a new sterol sulfate [2] together with four known ones (1,3-5).  All five compounds were found to inhibit protein tyrosine kinase pp 60v-src.
  
Detailed Listing:
"Inhibitors of protein tyrosine kinase pp 60v-src: sterol sulfates from the brittle star Ophiarachna incrassata."  Xiong Fu, Francis J. Schmitz, Rita H. Lee, Jacqueline S. Papkoff, Doris L. Slate.  J. Nat. Prod., 1994, 57 (11), pp 1591–1594.
  
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Kurzilactone from Cryptocarya kurzii.
Phytochemistry (1993)
  
Abstract:
Kurzilactone, a new alpha,beta-unsaturated-delta-lactone, has been isolated from the leaves of Cryptocarya kurzii The structure of kurzilactone was determined by spectroscopic methods. Kurzilactone exhibits marked cytotoxicity against KB cells (IC50 = 1 microgram/ml).
  
Detailed Listing:
"Kurzilactone from Cryptocarya kurzii."  X. Fu, T. Sevenet, A. Hamid, A. Hadi, F. Remy, and M. Pais.  Phytochemistry, July 1993. v. 33 (5) p. 1272-1274.

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Flavanone and Chalcone derivatives from Cryptocarya kurzii.
Journal of Natural Products (July, 1993)
  
Abstract:
Four complex flavanones, kurziflavolactones A [2], B [3], C [4], and D [5] and a complex chalcone 6 with an unprecedented carbon side chain on the flavanone or chalcone A ring have been isolated from a Malaysian plant, Cryptocarya kurzii (Lauraceae). Their structures were determined by extensive spectroscopic analysis, especially 2D nmr experiments. Compounds 3 and 6 showed slight cytotoxicity against KB cells, with IC50 values of 4 and 15 micrograms/ml, respectively. A biosynthetic pathway for the formation of these compounds is suggested.
  
Detailed Listing:
"Flavanone and Chalcone derivatives from Cryptocarya kurzii."  X. Fu, T. Sévenet, F. Remy, M. Païs, A. Hamid A. Hadi, L. M. Zeng.  J. Nat. Prod., 1993, 56 (7), pp 1153–1163.
  
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Scalarane-type bishomosesterterpenes from the sponge Phyllospongia foliascens.
Journal of Natural Products (November, 1992)
  
Abstract:
Five new 20,24-bishomoscalarane sesterterpenes, phyllactones A [1], B [2], C [3], D [4], and E [5], are reported from the sponge Phyllospongia foliascens collected in the waters of the Nansha Islands in the South China Sea. Structural elucidation of these compounds is based on spectral data and chemical conversions. Phyllactones A and B show moderate cytotoxicity against KB cells (IC50 20 micrograms/ml).
  
Detailed Listing:
"Scalarane-type bishomosesterterpenes from the sponge Phyllospongia foliascens."  Xiong Fu, Long Mei Zeng, Jing Yu Su, M. Pais, P. Potier.  J. Nat. Prod., 1992, 55 (11), pp 1607–1613.
  
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Novel bishomoscalarane sesterterpenes from the sponge Phyllospongia foliascens (Pallas).
Journal of Natural Products (March, 1991)
  
Abstract:
Three new 20,24-bishomoscalarane sesterterpenes, phyllofenone B [2], phylospngia foliascens, and their structures determined primarily by a combination of 1D and 2D nmr and mass spectrometry.  Phyllofenone B [2] with a previously unknown carbon skeleton shows cytotoxicity against the P-388 cell line (IC50=5 mu-g/ml).
  
Detailed Listing:
"Novel bishomoscalarane sesterterpenes from the sponge Phyllospongia foliascens."  Longmei Zeng, Xiong Fu, Jingyu Su, Evamarie O. Pordesimo, Sarah C. Traeger, Francis J. Schmitz.  J. Nat. Prod., 1991, 54 (2), pp 421–427.
  
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Patents

 

Summary List of Patents

* You will find the abstracts from Gamini's patents below along with a link to the complete text on the appropriate office patent websites.

Compositions and Methods of Use (US 20100209543)
View Abstract

 

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Compositions and Methods of Use
United States Patent Application #20100209543 (August 19, 2010)
  
Abstract:
This invention relates to the use of plant extracts, compositions thereof, and compounds isolated from plant extracts or obtained from synthetic means thereof, for the treatment of diseases, disorders or symptoms thereof (e.g., proliferation disorders, cancer).
  
Detailed Listing:
"Compositions and Methods of Use."  Vipul C. Chitalia, Daniel Prabakaran, Ajit Bharti, Gamini S. Jayatilake and Xiong Fu.  US 20100209543.
  
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